The University of Texas at Austin	Spring semester 2008
Government 390L/MES 381	Prof. Clement M. Henry
Unique numbers: 39602, 42517	Office: Batts 4.152; email: chenry@mail.utexas.edu
BEN 1.118: Wed 7-10 p.m.	Office hrs: Tu and Th 2-3:30 p.m.

ISLAM AND DEMOCRACY IN THE MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA

This seminar will critically examine various Western (Weberian, Marxist, and post-structural) approaches to the study of politics in the Middle East and North Africa, particularly within the Arab world. We stress theoretical assumptions about politics as well as the content of contemporary everyday politics in the region because our understanding of the everyday may be victim to our own intellectual tastes and prejudices. For instance, is "Islamism" an ideology like Marxist-Leninism? Are the "Bolsheviks" or extremists bound to win out? We tend to think by analogy, and it is important for us to be aware of our underlying assumptions.

How, if at all, and under what conditions may "democracy" develop in the Muslim parts of the Middle East and North Africa? This seems to be the most important question facing the region today: must its authoritarian regimes make major changes in order to survive? Political transitions are also a major concern of students of comparative politics. We will keep coming back to this question as we analyze institutions, processes, classes, civil society, groups, modes of production, clienteles, ideologies, strategic elites, professions, and the like--categories used to compare political systems. You will also be expected to acquire a good contextual appreciation of at least two countries of the Middle East or North Africa in addition to Egypt, which is well discussed in some of the core readings.

Three oral presentations in class

• one presentation on the required reading for the week - focus on one or two of them and present a critical analysis (10 - 15 minutes).
• two presentations, no more than 10 minutes each, critically summarizing an asterisked (*) book on the suggested readings. Each of these two presentations is to be accompanied by a class handout of no more than one single-spaced page.

Two papers, each 10-15 pp. long (3-4000 words), analyzing, comparing, and contrasting works read in the seminar. Each paper may include one of the books you presented in class and should focus on a particular problem or concept (e.g.. the utility of class analysis for explaining political change), supporting your argument with illustrations from at least two countries in the region. The paper should not be a research paper. It should incorporate as many of the required readings as you may find relevant to the theoretical topic and argument you are pursuing. Consider it like a take-home exam where you are framing the question. Try to include a discussion of at least 5 assigned readings (these may be fleeting references, the more the better, to show that you are integrating what you read into an argument) as well as an optional reading or two.

Here are some suggestions. They are not intended to exhaust or inhibit your intellectual imagination.

• 1. What is "civil society" and how, if at all, can this "western" concept usefully be applied to Middle Eastern and/or North African societies?
• 2. Discuss patterns of social and political mobilization in any two countries of the region which experienced some form of western domination. Did political mobilization engender greater national cohesion or fragmentation? Why?
• 3. Does class interest have any visible impact upon modes of governance, political strategies of rulers, or particular policies in any Middle Eastern or North African state? Be sure in your answer to try at least two alternative definitions of class. Would a focus on concrete interest groups be more useful or less so?
• 4. Does the current emphasis on privatization in a number of countries which had earlier engaged in extensive state planning efforts mean that civil society is being substantially strengthened at the expense of the state?
• 5. Is the persistence of patron-client relationships compatible with class or interest group analysis?
• 6. Why might Islam be or not be compatible with liberal democracy? Discuss with reference to at least two national contexts where "Islamist" movements seem significantly to affect political life.
• 7. Under what conditions might you expect tribes to be politically significant in the contemporary Arab world? Discuss with reference to two political systems. What is a "tribe"?!
• 8. Discuss the uses and possible abuses of a concept like modernization or development as applied by the social sciences to the study of Middle Eastern/North African societies. Do you have suggestions for revising one of these concepts to facilitate useful cross national comparisons?
• 9. Can it still be argued, after so much "deliberalization" in the past decade or two, not to mention the chaos in Iraq, that Arab political systems are making transitions from authoritarian to democratic rule?
• 10. How useful is dependency theory for the understanding of contemporary MENA societies?
• 11. How useful are categories like authoritarianism and democracy for understanding political realties in the region?
• 12. Why hasn't the MENA joined the rest of the world, including some sub-Saharan states, in making transitions to democracy?
• 13. Some commentators have described some Arab states as "tribes with flags." However autocratic their regimes may be, do you think these states are strong or weak - and what do is meant by a strong or weak state? Has the current crop of scholarship about enduring authoritarianism and stalled transitions to democracy absorbed or transcended Nazih Ayubi's insights about Arab states.

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Three oral presentations, two of them with one-page handouts in class, also to be posted to Blackboard : 30%.

Papers: 30% each - to be submitted in hard copy and also to be posted to Blackboard.

Quality (not quantity!) of discussion in class or via internet, also to be posted to Blackboard: 10%

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• Ayyubi, Naizh N., Overstating the Arab State: Politics and Society in the Middle East (London: Tauris, 1995)
•  El-Kenz, Ali, Algerian Reflections on Arab Crises (UT 1991) - your gift from the UT Center for MES (to be obtained from the instructor)
• Hammoudi, Abdellah, Master and Disciple: the Cultural Foundations of Moroccan Authoritarianism, (U. of Chicago Press, 1997)
• Michael Hudson, ed., Middle East Dilemma: the Politics and Economics of Arab Integration (Columbia UP, 1999)
• Ibn Khaldun, The Muqaddimah (abridged ed. Princeton Bollinger Series)
• Zachary Lockman, Contending Visions of the Middle East: the History and Politics of Orientalism (Cambridge UP, 2004)
• Timothy Mitchell, Rule of Experts (U of Calif, Press, 2002)
• Owen, Roger, State, Power, and Politics, 3rd edition (Routledge, 2004)
• Marsha Pripstein Posusney and Michele Penner Angrist, eds., Authoritarianism in the Middle East: Regimes and Resistance (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 2005)
• Lisa Wedeen, Ambiguities of Domination: Politics, Rhetoric, and Symbols in Contemporary Syria (U of Chicago Press, 1999)

Optional: also ordered for bookstores:

• Paul Aarts & Gerd Nonneman, eds., Saudi Arabia in the Balance: Political Economy, Society, Foreign Affairs (London: Hurst 2005).
• Eva Bellin, Stalled Democracy: Capital, Labor, and the Paradox of State-Sponsored Development (Cornell UP, 2002)
• Laurie A. Brand, Citizens Abroad: Emigration and the State in the Middle East and North Africa (Cambridge University Press, 2006)
• Jason Brownlee, Authoritarianism in an Age of Democratization (Cambridge University Press, 2007)
• Steve Cook, Ruling Not Governing: The Military and Political Development in Egypt, Algeria, and Turkey (NY: Council on Foreign Relations, 2007)
• Alan George, Syria: neither Bread nor Freedom (London: Tauris, 2003)
• Robert W. Hefner, ed., Remaking Muslim Politics: Pluralism, Contestation, Democratization (Princeton, 2005)
• Ellen Lust-Okar, Structuring Conflict in the Arab World: Incumbents, Opponents, and Institutions (Cambridge University Press, 2005)
• James McDougall, History and the Culture of Nationalism in Algeria, Cambridge UP 2006
• Volker Perthes, Arab Elites: Negotiating the Politics of Change (Lynne Rienner, 2004)
• Jillian Schwedler, Faith in Moderation: Islamist Parties in Jordan and Yemen (pb ed 2007)
• Robert Vitalis, America's Kingdom: Mythmaking on the Saudi Oil Frontier (Stanford University Press, 2007)
• Quintan Wiktorowicz, ed., Islamic Activism: A Social Movement Theory Approach (Indiana University Press, 2004)

All of the above have also been requested for Overnight Reserve at PCL.

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Topics and readings (@=Abel's Copies)

1st week (Jan 16): INTRODUCTION

The Middle East and North Africa: a distinctive region? Area studies, comparative politics, and international relations. Where does journalism end and scholarship begin? Or is much of the latter just bad journalism? Here is one of my less academic efforts, "The US and Iraq: American Bull in a Middle East China Shop,"a recent chapter in Glad and Dolan, eds., Striking First, a book on the US and Iraq. What were its analytic assumptions? If you have time see George Packer, "Planning for Defeat," The New Yorker, Sept. 17, 2007, pp. 56-65. And, just off the press, see International Refugee Committe, Uprooted Iraqis: an Urgent Crisis 17 Dec. 2007.

If you are just beginning the study of Middle Eastern and North African politics, you may benefit from reading Roger Owen, State, Power and Politics cover to cover immediately.

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Stereotypes of "Oriental despotism" and of "Orientalism": who are we to understand the "Other" and how, if at all, might we try? What are some of the limitations of German philosophy (Hegel, Marx...Weber) and American political science on comprehending the "Orient"? For the record, the last major attempt to evaluate US Middle East area studies from social science disciplinary perspectives was a book edited by Leonard Binder in 1976, The Study of the Middle East : research and scholarship in the humanities and the social sciences (NY: John Wiley). Of an entirely different standard is Martin Kramer, Ivory Towers on Sand: The Failure of Middle Eastern Studies in America (Washington Institute for Near Eastern Policy, 2001).

• .Zachary Lockman, Contending Visions, 111-147, 182-214, and as much else as you have time to read.
• @ Yahya Sadowski, "The New Orientalism and the Democracy Debate," Middle East Report (July-Aug 1993), 14-21.

Further reading suggestions:

*Edward Said, Covering Islam (it's a fast read!)

*Mark Tessler ed., Area Studies and Social Science Strategies for Understanding Middle East Politics, (University of Indian press, 1999)

Leonard Binder ed., The Study of the Middle East : research and scholarship in the humanities and the social sciences (NY: John Wiley, 1976)

Ernest Gellner, Muslim Society (1981)

L. Binder, Islamic Liberalism, pp. 85-127 (deconstructing anti-orientalism).

*Thierry Hentsch, Imagining the Middle East (Montreal: Black Rose, 1992)

J.B. Kelly, Arabia, the Gulf and the West (an example of "orientalist" expertise)

*Edward Said, Orientalism (Pantheon 1978)

Fred Halliday, Nation and Religion in the Middle East (Boulder CO:Lynne Rienner, 2000)

Roger Owen, "The Middle East in the Eighteenth Century--an 'Islamic' Society in Decline?" Review of Middle Eastern Studies 1:101-112.

Fuad Ajami, The Arab Predicament (Cambridge 1981, 1992)

Bernard Lewis, The Political Language of Islam

*_____, What Went Wrong : The Clash Between Islam and Modernity in the Middle East (Oxford UP, 2002)

Martin Kramer, Ivory Towers on Sand: The Failure of Middle Eastern Studies in America (Washington Institute for Near Eastern Policy, 2001)

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Toward a comparative analysis of colonial situations. The peculiarities of the Middle East in the context of the "Eastern Question." What is colonialism? What is Imperialism? What might be meant by Lord Milner's characterization of Egypt as a "veiled protectorate" and what might have been the implications for Egypt's political development? Are we "colonizing" Iraq today? or Kuwait?

• Roger Owen, State, Power and Politics, 3rd ed., pp. 5-22 (chap 1).
• Nazih Ayubi, Over-Stating the Arab State, pp. 1-38, skim pp. 86-134
• Clement M. Henry and Robert Springborg, Globalization and the politics of development in the Middle East, chapter 1..(also optional: C.M.Henry, "The Clash of Globalizations," in L Fawcett, ed. International Relations of the Middle East (Oxford, 2005)
• Timothy Mitchell, Rule of Experts, introduction and chaps 1 and 2, cf. my review of Mitchell in IJMES (optional).

Further reading suggestions:

*Robert Vitalis, America's Kingdom: Mythmaking on the Saudi Oil Frontier (Stanford University Press, 2007)

*Toby Dodge, Inventing Iraq: The Failure of Nation Building and a History Denied (Columbia UP, 2003)

*Rashid Khalidi, Resurrecting Empie: Western Footprints and America's Perilous Path in the Middle East (Boston: Beacon, 2004)

*Joel S. Migdal, Through the Lense of Israel: Explorations in State and Society, SUNY Press, 2001

C.H. Moore, "The Colonial Dialectic," (pdf file) in Politics in North Africa (1970)

Tim Niblock, "Pariah States" and Sanctions in the Middle East: Iraq, Libya, Sudan (Lynne Rienner, 2001)

Leonard Binder, Islamic Liberalism

L. Carl Brown, International Relations and the Middle East.

Abdallah Laroui, The crisis of the Arab intellectual : traditionalism or historicism? (UC Press, 1976)

Sir Alfred (later Lord) Milner, England in Egypt (1892)

John Marlowe, Spoiling the Egyptians (N.Y.: St. Martin's, 1975)

David S. Landes, Bankers and Pasha (Harvard, 1958)

Robert L. Tignor, Modernization and British Colonial Rule in Egypt 1882-1914 (Princeton, 1966)

Albert Memmi, The Colonizer and the Colonized (1965)

*Timothy Mitchell, Colonizing Egypt, esp. pp. 1-33, 63-127, 161-179

Franz Fanon, Wretched of the Earth (1961)

P. Bourdieu, The Algerians (Beacon, 1962)

Philip S. Khoury, Syria and the French Mandate: the Politics of Arab

Nationalism, 1920-1945 (Princeton 1987) esp. pp. 285-317, 619-630.

Lisa Anderson, The State and Social Transformation in Tunisia and Libya, 1830-1980 (Princeton, 1986).

Late edition: Chronicle of Higher Education article about Iraqi Baath archives (Jan 23, 2008)

Emerging Social and Religous Trends, Arab Insight Quarterly Journal, Winter 2008

 

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How may we usefully define civil society, so that it is not just another western absence which impedes our understanding of the Middle East? Let's try to shift away from the "orientalist" focus on Islamic vs. Christian medieval heritages to comparisons of catholic versus puritan legacies on both sides of the Mediterranean--in search of "civil society." Discussion questions.

• El-Kenz, Ali, Algerian Reflections on Arab Crises (Center for ME Studies, UT, 1992).
• Robert Hefner, Remaking Muslim Politics, chaps 1, 3, 4., 7 and 11 if you have time for uncivil society in Indonesia (time later for some of the other selections).
• @ Bryan Turner, "Orientalism and the Problem of Civil Society in Islam"
• @ Sami Zubaida, "Islam, the State & Democracy: Contrasting Conceptions of Society in Egypt," Middle East Report (Nov-Dec 1992), 2-10.
• Anna Seleny "Tradition, Modernity, and Democracy: The Many Promises of Islam, Perspectives on Politics 4:3 (Sept 2006), pp. 481-494. [get from apsa-net]
• Tom Carothers, Is Gradualism Possible: Choosing a Strategy for Promoting Democracy in the Middle East, Carnegie Endowment Working paper No. 39, June 2003. And along these lines, maybe promoting civil society is a big excuse for supporting existing regimes: cf C..M. Henry, "...cyberspace.."Middle East Policy, Jan 1997

Further reading suggestions:

*A. R. Norton ed., Civil Society in the Middle East, 2 vols (Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1995-96)

*Amin Saikal and Albrecht Schnabel, eds., Democratization in the Middle East: Experiences, Struggles, Challenges, United Nations University Press, 2003. ($21.95 pb)

*Yahia Zoubir, ed., North Africa in Transition: State, Society, and Economic Transformation in the 1990s, University Press of Florida, 1999

*Daniel Brumberg and Larry Diamond, ed., Islam and Democracy in the Middle East (2003), TOC and Introduction

Mark Tessler et al (?), Islam and Democracy in the Middle East (2001?) - optional

Frank Tachau, ed., Political Parties of the Middle East and North Africa (Greenwood, 1994)--an invaluable compendium of political associations.

Timothy Mitchell, "The Limits of the State: Beyond Statist Approcahes and their Critics," APSR 85:1 (March 1991), 77-96.

Albert Hourani, "Ottoman Reform and the Politics of the Notables," in W.P. Polk and R.C. Chambers,

*Ernest Gellner, Muslim Society (1981), pp. 1-56. Cf Gellner, Conditions of Liberty (1994).

*Simon Bromley, Rethinking Middle East Politics, pp. 1-34

Leonard Binder, Islamic Liberalism, pp. 206-242

Bryan Turner, Capitalism and Class, chaps. 1 and 5

___________, Weber and Islam (1974)

Perry Anderson, Lineages of the Absolutist State (London, 1974), pp. 462-520 (on the 'Asiatic mode of production')

Ibn Khaldun, The Muqaddimah, F. Rosenthal trans., chapters 3, 5:2.

Maxime Rodinson, Islam and Capitalism

Albert Hourani article in Hourani and Stern, ed., The Islamic City

Abraham Marcus, The Middle East on the Eve of Modernity: Aleppo (1989)

Andre Raymond, Artisans et Commercants au Caire au XVIII siecle (1973)

______, The Great Arab Cities in the Sixteenth to Eighteenth Centuries (NYU 1984)

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It is all very well to compare Western puritanism and Islamism, but might there be an authoritarian political culture underpinning both the corrupt states and Islamist responses in the Arab world? How much can we generalize from the Moroccan experience depicted by Abdellah Hammoudi?

• Abdellah Hammoudi, Master and Disciple: The Cultural Foundations of Moroccan Authoritarianism, entire.
• @ Michael Hudson, The Political Culture Approach to Arab Democratization: The Case for Bringing It Back In, Carefully, in Rex Brynen et al, 1995: 61-76
• @ Eva Bellin, "The Robustness of Authoritarianism in the Middle East," Comparative Politics 36: 2 (Jan 2004), 139-158
• Marcus Noland, "Explaining Middle Eastern Authoritarianism." (38 pp. but here is his summary of the argument)

Further reading suggestions:

*Jason Brownlee, Authoritarianism in an Age of Democratization (Cambridge University Press, 2007)

*Lisa Wedeen, Ambiguities of Domination: Politics, Rhetoric, and Symbols in Contemporary Syria (U of Chicago Press, 1999)

*Eva Bellin, Stalled Democracy: Capital, Labor, and the Paradox of State-Sponsored Development (Cornell UP, 2002)

* Marsha Pripstein Posusney and Michele Penner Angrist, eds., Authoritarianism in the Middle East: Regimes and Resistance (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 2005)

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• "Lebanon: zuama clientelism," in Library of Congress Country Studies (1987).
• James C. Scott, "Patron-Client Politics and Political Change in Southeast Asia," The American Political Science Review, Vol. 66, No. 1. (Mar., 1972), pp. 91-113, available at PCL Jstors linked here.
• Steven Caton, " Power, Persuasion, and Language : A critique of the Segmentary Model in the Middle East", International Journal of Middle East Studies, 19:1(February 1987), pp. 77-102 - here is a better link
• Mohammed Hachemaoui, "Algeria’s May 17, 2007 parliamentary elections or the political representation crisis," Arab Reform Initiative (Carnegie Foundation), 17 July 2007.
• Osama Al-Ghazali Harb, "The Role of the West in Internal Political Developments of the Arab Region," Ibid., 11 May 2007.
• Steven Heydemann, "Upgrading Authoritarianism in the Arab World," Brookings, October 2007.

 Further reading suggestions:

*Ernest Gellner and JohnWaterbury, eds, Patrons and Clients in Mediterranean Socioeties (London: Duckworth, 1977)

Dale Eickelman, Middle East : an Anthropological Approach (Englwood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2nd ed., 1989)

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VARIETIES OF STATES AND POLITICAL CULTURES IN THE MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA

 How do oil and various forms of foreign intervention affect the MENA states? How might political and economic changes in turn affect "political culture?" But first just a quick timely (14 Feb 2008) discussion of "Counting Iraqi Casualties - and a Media Controversy" by John Tirman, Executive Director and Principal Research Scientist at the Massachusetts Institute for Technology's Center for International Studies.

• Roger Owen, chaps 2 and 3.
• Michael L. Ross, "Does Oil Hinder Democracy?" World Politics 53: 3 (April 2001), 325-361
• Michael Herb, "No Representation Without Taxation?" Comparative Politics, April 2005, pp. 297-316.
• Henry and Springborg, Globalization and the politics of development in the Middle East, chaps. 2-6.
• Hefner, chaps 5 and 6 (on Iran and Egypt).

Further reading suggestions:

Gregory White, A Comparative Political Economy of Tunisia and Morocco: On the Outside of Europe Looking In (Albany: SUNY 2001)

*Hugh Roberts, The Battlefield Algeria 1988-2002: Studies in a Broken Polity (London: Verso 2003)

C.Henry, Algeria’s Agonies: Oil Rent Effects in a Bunker State (2002 ms. online)

Sami Zubeida, Islam, the People and the State

P. S. Khoury and J. Kostiner, eds, Tribes and State Formation in the Middle East

D.F.Eickelman, "What is a tribe?" in The Middle East: An Anthropological Approach

Ghassan Salame, "'Strong' and 'Weak' States: A Qualified Return to the Muqaddimah," in G. Luciani, The Arab State, pp. 29-64

Lisa Anderson, "The State..." Comparative Politics (Oct 1987).

Ibn Khaldun, The Muqaddimah, F. Rosenthal trans., chapter 2.

Robert Montagne, The Berbers; their social and political organization (London,1973--PCL DT 313.2M6613 1973)

____________, Civilisation du desert (generalizes from the Berbers)

Ernest Gellner, Saints of the Atlas

John Waterbury, Commander of the Faithful (London, 1970)

 

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Standard modernization theory (Deutsch, Lerner) is often criticized for confusing social with political mobilization (Huntington) and for not taking sufficient account of the "dependent" context in which these processes occur. Dependency theory views contemporary third world states as enjoying little more political autonomy than their colonial predecessors. Coming from a very different theoretical tradition, Carl Brown also emphasizes the continuities rather than the differences between the dependent Ottoman Empire, penetrated by various Great Power interests, and the independent order of successor states. Which states today are expanding their "national" constituencies; which ones, like Lebanon's presidential palace at Baabda in the 1980s, are besieged fortresses? In what senses might states in the region be described as "penetrated" polities? How are new identities are being forged in opposition to external threats or neo-colonial domination?

What frames of reference are competing with the nation-state? How can we view ethnicity, confessionalism, Arabism, Universal Theory, Islamic fundamentalism, etc.? Toward a contingency theory of political identity? Mosaic societies? Was the Lebanese civil war just an aberration--or an expression of underlying political tensions in the Middle East? From a Marxian standpoint Samir Amin argues "Political Islam at the Service of Imperialism," Monthly Review, Dec. 2007 - what do you think?

And finally and most importantly for this seminar, how does contemporary islamism compare to the asabiya enlarged by religion in Ibn Khaldun's day? Do we need, as Francois Burgat proposes, to revisit colonial dialectic to understand contemporary political Islam? And maybe keep an eye on Palestine - see Electronic Intifada ...also here is the latest Political Islam Online

• Ibn Khaldun, The Muqaddimah, (abbreviated Rosenthal translation, Bollingen series, Princeton UP) pp. 5-9, 91-101, 123-166, 230-255
• P. Fargues, "Demographic Explosion or Social Upheaval?" in Ghassan Salame, ed., Democracy Without Democrats? , pp. 156-179. Or, since this was omitted from Abel's Course pack, examine the age pyramid distributions of Algeria, Saudi Arabia, and any other countries of your choice at http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/idbpyr.html
• Dale F. Eickelman, "New Media," in Hefner, chapter 2
• Henry, Algeria: Free Press, Opaque Political Economy (2003 ms. online)
• @ Ellis Goldberg, "Smashing Idols and the State: The Protestant Ethic and Egyptian Sunni Radicalism," Comparative Studies in Society and History (1991), 3-35.
• Peter Mandaville, "Sufis and Salafis," in Hefner, chap 12
• Bowen, French Islamic Reasoning, in Hefner, chap 13.

Further reading suggestions:

* Peter Mandaville, Global Political Islam (Routledge, 2007)

Khaled Abou El Fadl, The Great Theft: Wrestling Islam from the Extremists (HarperCollins, 2005)

________, Islam and the Challenge of Democracy (Princeton University Press, 2004)

Olivier Roy, Globalized Islam: the Search for a New Ummah (Columbia UP, 2004)

Noah Feldman, After Jihad: America and the Struggle for Islamic Democracy (NY: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 2003)

Cyril E. Black and L. Carl Brown, eds, Modernization in the Middle East (Princeton: Darwin, 1992)

L. Carl Brown, International Relations and the Middle East (1984)

Clifford Geertz, Islam Observed: Religious Development in Morocco and Indonesia (Yale, 1968) 

Bernard Lewis, The Political Language of Islam,

Bryan Turner, Capitalism and Class in the Middle East, esp. ch. 6, 11.

*Daniel Lerner, The Passing of Traditional Society (1958)

Karl Deutsch, Nationalism and Social Communication (1952)

Samuel P Huntington, Political Order and Changing Societies (Yale l968)

Michael Hudson, The Precarious Republic: Political Modernization in Lebanon (1968, 1985)

A. R. Norton, Amal and the Shi'a (UT Press, 1987).

Guilain Denoeux, Urban Unrest in the Middle East (Albany: SUNY 1993)

Michael Johnson, Class and Client in Beirut (Ithaca, 1986)

C.H. Moore, "Prisoners' Financial Dilemmas: A Consociational Future for Lebanon?" Am Pol Sci Rev 81: 201-218 (March 1987).

Bertrand de Jouvenal, The Pure Theory of Politics, appendix on the problem of applying the principle of national self-determination.

Fuad Ajami, The Arab Predicament (Cambridge, 1981)

Arend Lijphart, Democracy in Plural Societies (Yale 1977).

E. Gellner, Nations and Nationalism

I. Harik, "Political Integration..." International Journal of Middle East Studies 3:3(1972), 303-23.

A. Hourani, "Race, Religion and the Nation State," in A Vision of History (1961)

_________, "Ideologies of the Mountain and the City," in Rogen Owen, ed., Essays on the Crisis in Lebanon, pp. 33-42.

Khalaf, Samir, Lebanon's Predicament (Columbia UP, 1987) DS 87 K395 1987

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How relevant are western theories to the problem of legitimate political order in the Arab-Islamic world? Are Max Weber's categories useful? Is patrimonialism (a "traditional" form of political order) legitimate? In whose eyes? How necessary is legitimacy for a regime's political survival? How does patronage help, and what forms may it take? How durable is the rentier state? Can the oil rents insulate the region from international trends favoring democratization? Or is the era of clientelism passing away with "traditional society?" We look at Marxian and other approaches to elites, examine social classes, and ask what (class?) interests might political Islam be articulating. Can class, by the way, enable us to explain political outcomes, such as policies and power structures (i.e. patterns of selection of political elites), in ways that are not circular?

[p.s. I just happened to see a new analysis of Lebanese confessional represention by Mark Farha, "Demography and Democacy in Lebanon, in Middle East Monitor 3:1 (jan-march 2008) - and Salafi-jihadism in Lebanon by Gary C. Gambill in same issue]

• @ Manfred Halpern, "The New Middle Class" in The Politics of Social Change in the Middle East and North Africa
• Abdulaziz Sager, The Private Sector in the Arab World – Road Map Towards Reform, Arab Reform Initiative, Dec . 10, 2007.
• @ Michael Hudson, "The Legitimacy Problem in Arab Politics," Arab Politics, pp. 1-30
• Nazih Ayubi, pp. 164-195
• @ Hanna Batatu, "...Social Roots of Syria's Ruling Group," MEJ (1981)
• Lisa Wedeen, Ambiguities of Domination: Politics, Rhetoric, and Symbols in Contemporary Syria (U of Chicago Press, 1999)

Further reading suggestions:

*Hanna Batatu, Syria's Peasantry, the Descendants of Its Lesser Rural Notables, and Their Politics (Princeton, 1999)

Shana Cohen, Searching for a Different Future: The Rise of a Global Middle Class in Morocco. Durham, NC: Duke UP, 2004, reviewed in my "North Africa's Desperate Regimes," Middle East Journal summer 2005.

Sami Zubeida, Islam, the People and the State

S.E. Ibrahim, "Anatomy of Egypt's Militant Islamic Groups," IJMES 12 (1980)

James Bill, "Class Analysis and the Dialectics of Modernization," IJMES 3 (1972), 417-434.

*C.H. Moore, Images of Development: Egyptian Engineeers in Search of Industry (Cairo: AUC, 1994)

Caglar Keyder, State and Class in Turkey: A Study in Capitalist Development (London and NY: Verso, 1987)

Bryan Turner, Capitalism and Class in the Middle East

Bernard Lewis, The Political Language of Islam

*Hanna Batatu, The Old Social Classes and the Revolutionary Movements of Iraq (Princeton, 1978).

I.W. Zartman ed., Man, State and Society in the Contemporary Maghreb (Praeger, 1973)

I. William Zartman, ed., Elites in the Middle East (Praeger1980)

_________, Political Elites in Arab North Africa (Longman 1982)

A. Drysdale, "The Syrian Political Elite, 1966-1976," Middle East Studies 17(1981):1, 3-30

C.A.O. van Nieuwenhuijze, ed., Commoners, Climbers, and Notables: a Sampler of Studies on Social Ranking in the Middle East (Leiden: Brill, 1977)

G. Luciani, The Arab State

E Gellner and J Waterbury, Patrons and Clients in Mediterranean Societies (London 1977).

Entelis, John P., Islam, Democracy and the State in North Africa

G. Hossein Razi, "Legitimacy, Religion, and Nationalism in the Middle East," APSR 84:1 (March 1990), 69-91.

Max Weber, Economy and Society (eds. Roth and Wittich), pp. 31-38, 212-245, 1006-1031.

Robert Springborg, Family, Power, and Politics in Egypt (1982).

Hisam Sharabi, Neo-Patriarchy: A Theory of Distorted Chnge in Arab Society (Oxford 1988)

Lisa Anderson, The State and Social Transformation in Tunisia and Libya, 1830-1980 (Princeton, 1986).

Davis, E and N Gavrielides, eds., Statecraft in the Middle East: Oil, Historical Memory and Popular Culture (Florida Intl UP 1991)

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If we can produce a substantive definition of a state bourgeoisie, can we also show that this bourgeoisie is in decline? If bureaucrats help their private sectors cousins to line their collective pockets, can the new "interests" sustain a bountiful state? How useful a category is "bourgeoisie," state or private, for conjuring up constellations of interests that can be subjected to political analysis? How much of a target does it become for Islamist oppositions, and why? Alternative ethnic identities? You have readings on Saudi identity as well as Algerian elites. What can we say about Berbers in Algeria or the possible "Lebanonization" of Iraq? (which I feared earlier and could spell out more clearly today)

• Ayubi, pp. 196-255
• Henry and Springborg, chaps 5 and 6.
• Okruhlik, Empowering Civility...in Saudi Arabia, in Hefner, chap 8.
• @Volker Perthes, Arab Elites: Negotiating the Politics of Change (Lynne Rienner, 2004), 1-32, 46,120, 173-205, 301-307

Further reading suggestions:

*Steven Heydemann, ed., Networks of Privilege in the Middle East (Palgrave, 2004)

*Volker Perthes, Arab Elites: Negotiating the Politics of Change (Lynne Rienner, 2004)

* Isabelle Werenfels, Managing Instability in Algeria: Elites and political change since 1995 (Routledge 2007) - cf my review

* Jason Brownlee, Authoritarianism in an Age of Democratization (Cambridge University Press, 2007)

Hugh Roberts, The Battlefield Algeria 1988-2002: Studies in a Broken Polity (London: Verso 2003)

Guilain Denoeux, "State and Society in Egypt," Comparative Politics (1988)

Hamied Ansari, Egypt: the Stalled Society (SUNY, 1986)

Robert Springborg, Family, Power and Politics in Egypt (Penn., 1982)

John Waterbury, The Egypt of Nasser and Sadat (Princeton, 1983)

Hanna Batatu, The old social classes and the revolutionary movements of Iraq : a study of Iraq's old landed and commercial classes and of its Communists, Ba'thists, and Free Officers (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1978)

______, Syria's peasantry, the descendants of its lesser rural notables, and their politics (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1999)

Marion Farouk-Sluglett and Peter Sluglett, Iraq since 1958: From Revolution to Dictatorship (New York: Methuen 1988).

John P. Entelis, Algeria: The Revolution Institutionalized (Westview, 1986)

Mahfoud Bennoune, The Making of Contemporary Algeria, 1830-1987

(Cambridge, 1988) PCL HC 815 B48 1988

Yahya M. Sadowski, Political Vegetables? Businessman and Bureaucrat in the Development of Egyptian Agriculture (Brookings, 1991)

Ernest Gellner and Charles A. Micaud, Arabs and Berbers: from tribe to nation in North Africa (London: Duckworth, 1973)

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How do we distinguish between coups and revolutions? What is a revolution and what might some of its preconditions be? Can we predict future Irans? Or revolutionary futures?

• Roger Owen, pp. 178-199
• Ayubi, pp. 256-288
• @ S.A. Arjomand, "Iran's Revolution in Comparative Perspective" World Politics (1986)
• @ Ian S. Lustick, " Writing the Intifada," World Politics (July 1993), 560-594. Try this update from Political Islam Online : "The Religious Transformation of the Palestinian Fight" (March 4, 2008)

Further reading suggestions:

*Steve Cook, Ruling Not Governing: The Military and Political Development in Egypt, Algeria, and Turkey (NY: Council on Foreign Relations, 2007)

*Mohammed M. Hafez, Why Muslims Rebel: Repression and Resistance in the Islamic World (Boulder CO: Lynne Rienner 2003)

William B. Quandt, Between Ballots and Bullets: Algeria's Transition from Authoritarianism (Brookings, 1998).

A. Richards and J. Waterbury, Political Economy of the Middle East

Sami Zubeida, Islam, the People and the State

S.A. Arjomand, The Turban for the Crown (Oxford, 1988), esp. pp. 189-211.

Elizabeth Picard, "Arab Military in Politics: from Revolutionary Plot to Authoritarian State," in G. Luciani, The Arab State, pp. 189-219.

Barry Rubin and Thomas Keaney, eds., Armed forces in the Middle East : politics and strategy, London: Frank Cass, 2002

Leonard Binder, In a Moment of Enthusiasm: Political Power and the Second Stratum in Egypt (Chicago, 1978)

Michael Johnson, Class and Client in Beirut (Ithaca, 1986)

E. Burke III and I.M. Lapidus, eds., Islam, Politics, and Social Movements, pp. 263-313 (arts. by Hamid Alger, Ervand Abrahamian, and Nikki Keddie)

Issa J. Boullata, Trends and Issues in Contemporary Arab Thought, Albany: SUNY Press, 1990 pb.

F Kazemi and J Waterbury, eds., Peasants and Politics in the Modern Middle East (Florida Intl U Press, 1991

Theda Skocpol, "Rentier State and Shi'a Islam in the Iranian Revolution," Theory and Society (Dept. of Sociology, U of Chicago, 1982), pp. 265-283)

Glenn E. Robinson, "The Role of the Professional Middle Class in the Mobilization of Palestinian Society: The Medical and Agricultural Committees," International Journal of Middle East Studies (May 1993), 301-326.

Glenn E. Robinson, Building a Palestinian State (Indiana UP, 1997)

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Reassertions of Muslim identity, expressed through the Muslim Brotherhood and other socio-political movements, have been on the rise in the Arab world since the June War of 1967. Perhaps they have peaked in Egypt and Tunisia, but they are still visible in various forms throughout the Middle East (as are analogous Jewish movements in Israel). How do regimes cope with them, with what implications for political development?

• Roger Owen, pp. 154-177.
• @ William E. Shepard, "Islam and Ideology," International Journal of Middle East Studies 19 (1987), pp. 307-336.
• @ Mona El-Ghobashy, "The Metamorphosis of the Egyptian Muslim Brothers," International Journal of Middle East Studies, 37:3 (August 2005), 371-395
• @ Henri Lauciere, "Post-Islamism and the Religious Discourse of 'Abd al-Salam Yasin," International Journal of Middle East Studies, 37:2 (May 2005), 241-261.
• Clement Henry and Rodney Wilson, eds., The Politics of Islamic Finance (Edinburgh University Press, 2004), draft Introduction and Conclusion - apparently the whole book is now available online!
• @ Excerpt from C.M. Henry, Population, urbanisation and the dialectics of globalisation, draft chapter for Cambridge History of Islam, vol. VI (in progress)

Further reading suggestions:

FYI: Cheryl Benard (wife of Ambassador Khalilzad), Civil Democratic Islam: partners, resources, strategies (Rand Corporation, 2003)

*Roxanne Euben, Enemy in the Mirror: Islamic Fundamentalism (Princeton, 1999)

*Timur Kuran, Islam and Mammon: the Economic Predicaments of Islamism (Princeton 2004 )

John Esposito, ed., Political Islam: Revolution, Radicalism, or Reform? (Rienner, 1997)

Francois Burgat and W Dowell, The Islamic Movement in North Africa, esp. pp. 1-41, 247-310

Aziz Al-Azmeh, Islams and Modernities (Verso, 1993)

Ruedy, John, ed., Islamism and Secularism in North Africa, NY: St Martin's, 1996 pb.

Moussalli, Ahmed S., Radical Islamic Fundamentalism: The Ideological and Political Discourse of Sayyid Qutb (Beirut: American University of Beirut, 1992)

*Bulliet, Richard, Islam: the view from the edge, NY: Columbia UP,1994

Frank Vogel and S.L. Hayes, III, Islamic Law and Finance: Religion, Risk and Return ((Luwer Law International, 1998)

Roy, Olivier, The Failure of Political Islam (Cambridge, MA: Harvard, 1994)

E. Burke III and I.M. Lapidus, eds., Islam, Politics, and Social Movements

Giles Kepel, Prophet and Pharaoh (U. California 1986)

*Ernest Gellner, Muslim Society

*Leonard Binder, Islamic Liberalism

The Annals, vol 524 (Nov 1992) special issue on Political Islam ed. C.E. Butterworth and I.W. Zartman.

Layachi, A. and Haireche, A., "National Development and Political Protest: Islamists in the Maghreb Countries," Arab Studies Quarterly 14:2-3 (spring-summer 1992), pp. 69-92.

Susan Walz, "Islamist Appeal in Tunisia," MEJ, 40:4 (1986), 651-670

Islam and the State, Middle East Report no. 153 (July-Aug 1988)

Henry Munson, Jr., Islam and Revolution in the Middle East (Yale 1988)

Wilfred Cantwell Smith, Islam in Modern History (Princeton, 1957).

James F. Piscatori, Islam in a World of Nation-States (Cambridge, 1986)

John L. Esposito, Islam and Politics (Syracuse, 1984)

John L. Esposito, The Islamic Threat Mythor Reality? (Oxford 1992)

Olivier Carre, L'utopie islamique dans l'Orient arabe (Paris: FNSP, 1991)

R. Hrair Dekmejian, Islam in Revolution: Fundamentalism in the Arab World (Syracuse, 1985)

James P. Piscatori, ed., Islam in the Political Process (Cambridge, 1983)

Shireen T. Hunter, ed., The Politics of Islamic Revivalism: Diversity and Unity (Indiana, 1988)

William R. Roff, ed., Islam and the Political Economy of Meaning: Comparative Studies of Muslim Discourse (U Calif. Press, 1987)

Emmanuel Sivan, "Sunni Radicalism in the Middle East and the Iranian Revolution," IJMES 21:1-30 (Feb 1989)

___________, Radical Islam: Medieval Theology and Modern Politics (Yale, 1985)

Tibi, Bassam, Islam and the Cultural Accommodation of Change (Westview, 1991 pb)

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Buying loyalty? Strategies of capital accumulation and distribution to be discussed with specific reference to Egypt. Can we infer strategies from the available evidence? Does it make sense to view the state as a an autonomous actor, even if it make less sense to reduce it to the executive committee of the bourgeoisie, the new middle class, or some tribal asabiya or sectarian abstraction? Are the Arab core states fragmenting (specters of Lebanonization?)? How much influence do donor states and international institutions (IMF, World Bank) wield in the internal policy-making of the 'soft' states? What of the internal, domestic pressures on governments? On oil economies? Evolution of rentier states away from static ("orientalist") passivity of the rentiers? Is the suppression of Islamist political movements a by product of economic adjustment and "globalization?" Here are some questions for class discussion

• @John Waterbury, From Social Contracts to Extraction Contracts: The Political Economy of Authoritarianism and Democracy, in John Entelis, ed., Islam, Democracy and the State in North Africa , pp. 141-176
• Roger Owen, pp. 113-153
• @Eberhart Kienle, "More than Response to Islamism: the Political Deliberalization of Egypt in the 1990s," Middle East Journal 52:2 (spring 1998), pp. 219-235
• @ Ellen Lust-Okar, "Divided They Rule," Comparative Politics 36: 2 (Jan 2004), 159-180
• Timothy Mitchell, Rule of Experts, chaps 7-8. Here is my review of his book in International Journal of Middle East Studies 36 (2004), 321-324

Further reading suggestions:

*Ellen Lust-Okar, Structuring Conflict in the Arab World (Cambridge UP, 2005)

* Jillian Schwedler, Faith in Moderation: Islamist Parties in Jordan and Yemen

Abdo Baaklini, Guilain Denoeux, and Robert Springborg, Legislative Politics in the Arab World (Lynne Rienner, 1999)

Tim Niblock, Saudi Arabia: Power, Legitimacy, and Survival (Routledge 2006)

Islam, Democracy and the Secularist State in the Post Modern Era, Center for the Study of Islam and Democracy, 2nd Annual Proceedings, Georgetown, April 2001.

M. Riad El-Ghonemy, Affluence and Poverty in the Middle East (Routledge, 1998)

Henry, Clement M., The Mediterranean Debt Crecent (UP of Florida, 1996)

Harik, Iliya, and D.J. Sullivan, Privatization and Liberalization in the Middle East (1992), esp. pp. 1-23, 123-166.

Henri Barkey, ed., The Politics of Economic Reform in the Middle East (1992)

Jean Leca,"Social Structure and Political Stability: Comparative Evidence from Algeria, Syria, and Iraq," in G. Luciani,The Arab State, pp.150-188

I. W. Zartman, "The Opposition as a Support of the State" in G. Luciani, The Arab State, pp. 220-246

Caglar Keyder, State and Class in Turkey: A Study in Capitalist Development (London and NY: Verso, 1987) pb., pp. 91-247

*Eberhart Kienle, A Grand Delusion: Democracy and Economic Reform in Egypt (London: Tauris, 2001)

Raymond A. Hinnebusch, Jr., Egyptian Politics Under Sadat: The Post-Populist Development of an Authoritarian-Modernizing State (Rienner, 1988)

Raymond A. Hinnebusch, Peasants Bureaucracy in Baathist Syria (Westview, 1989), pp. 31-60, 285-305.

Robert Springborg, Mubarak's Egypt: Fragmentation of the Political Order (Westview, 1989)

Kiren Aziz Chaudry, "Labor Remittance and Oil Economies," International Organization 43:101-145 (Winter 1989)

Kiren Aziz Chaudry, The Price of Wealth (Cornell 1997)

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ISSUES OF REGIONAL INTEGRATION AND GLOBALIZATION

We need to gain a regional perspective, looking at relationships between domestic politics (within one country) and international (primarily intra-Arab) politics. If pan-Arabism is dead, the ghost still seems very much alive. There is an Arab Free Trade Area Agreement (1997), which had a quick Lebanese farmers' reaction. And the Agadir Agreement of 2004 for a Free Trade Zone (Morocco-Tunisia-Egypt-Jordan). Islamism, too, supports transnational organizations. Subregions, such as the Maghreb, the Gulf (GCC), and Egypt-Sudan, may also be undergoing gradual, subdued, relatively "apolitical" processes of integration. May transnational currents favor a restructuring of "civil society" in the region? And how does the region fit into the larger international picture - does proximity to Europe help unite or divide the Arab world? (Speaking of transnationals, here is the latest from West Point's Combating Terrorism Center: The Power of Truth: Questions for Ayman Al-Zawahiri ) And P.S. here were the links I was showing in class: Arab Free Trade Agreement 1997; US Middle East Free Trade Initiatives; World Bank World Trade Indicators; European Neighborhood Policy; Agadir Agreement 2004; and the funny map. Also a Middle East Survey of the various trade agreements as of 2002.

Here were the questions we discussed, after reading:

• Roger Owen, chap 4
• Hudson, Middle East Dilemma, pp. 1-106.
• Carolyn M. Warner and Mnfred W. Werner, "Religion and Political Organization of Muslims in Europe," Perspectives on Politics 4:3 (Sept 2006), pp. 457-479.

Further reading suggestions:

*Gerd Nonneman, ed., Analyzing Middle East Foreign Policies (Routledge, 2005)

*Shibley Telhami and Micahel Barnett, eds., Identity and Foreign Policy in the Middle East (Cornell 2002)

World Bank, IS THERE A NEW VISION FOR MAGHREB ECONOMIC INTEGRATION? (Nov 2006)

Brynen, Rex, Korany, and Noble eds Political Liberalization and Democratization in the Arab World, vol. I, pp. 283-337 (articles by Gregory Gause, Gabriel Ben-Dor, and editors' conclusions).

George Joffe, ed., Special Issue on Perspectives on Development: The Euro-Mediterranean Partnership, The Journal of North African Studies 3:2 (summer 1998)

G.E. Fuller and I.O. Lesser, A Sense of Siege: The Geopolitics of Islam and the West (Westview-Rand, 1995), pp. 1-12, 81-174

Luciani and Salame, "The Politics of Arab Integration," in G. Luciani, The Arab State, pp. 394-419

L. Carl Brown, International Politics

Malcolm Kerr, The Arab Cold War

Patrick Seale, The Struggle for Syria

Malcolm Kerr and El Sayed Yassin, eds., Rich and Poor States in the Middle East (Westview, 1982)

Saad Eddin Ibrahim, The New Arab Social Order: A Study of the Social Impact of Oil Wealth (Westview, 1982)

Bassam Tibi, "Structural and Ideological Change in the Arab Subsystem Since the Six Day War," in Yehuda Lukacs and Abdalla Battah, The Arab-Israeli Conflict (Westview, 1988)

R.K. Ramazani, The Gulf Cooperation Council: Record and Analysis (U Va., 1988)

Erik R. Peterson, The Gulf Cooperation Council: Search for Unity in a Dynamic Region (Westview, 1988)

 

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Whether emanating from civil society or controlled by the state, interests are assumed to become ever more demanding and complex as societies evolve in the contemporary world. Political scientists have transferred Italian, Portugese, and/or East European "corporatism" to Nasser's Egypt, Turkey on occasion, and other Middle Eastern states. But how far can these conceptual transplants legitimately travel? And what do we make of rising sectarianism within states and transnationally - cf. Sectarianism and National Identity and The Changing Face of Jihad – Culture Trumps Ideology, Political Islam Online (retrieved April 24, 2008)? Here is a NYT review of recent books by Olivier Roy and Noah Feldman - no rosy prospects for political development in the region!

A number of authoritarian regimes are opening up to more pluralistic and democratic practices. Turkey's military rule imposed in 1980 has given way to somewhat competitive elections, and both Egypt and Tunisia have engaged in political as well as economic "opening up." Since the mid-1970s Morocco, too, has sustained a semblance of representative democracy. These limited experiments all suggest a question. How do they relate to changes in economic policy? Is a strong and autonomous private sector a necessary condition for institutionalizing political competition? Is it sufficient? Proposed questions for discussion after reading:

• Roger Owen, chaps 11 (non state actors) and conclusion, pp 200-240
• Henry and Springborg, chaps 7-8.
• Mitchell, chap 9.
• Melani Cammett, "Fat Cats and Self-Made Men, " Comparative Politics 37:4 (July 2005), 379-400; my review of her book in MEJ
• Lou Cantori, Americanized Political Science and the State as a Coercive Institution in the Middle East, 1999 APSA paper.

Further reading suggestions:

*Marsha Pripstein Posusney, Labor and the State in Egypt (Columbia UP, 1997)

Fahmi Jedaane, "Notions of the State in Contemporary Arab-Islamic Writings," in G. Luciani, The Arab State, pp. 247-283.

Leonard Binder, Islamic Liberalism

*Robert Bianchi, Interest Groups and Political Development in Turkey (1984)

*Robert Bianchi, Unruly Corporatism (Oxford, 1989), pp. 3-34, 90-123, 158-224.

Sullivan and Abed-Kotob, Islam in Contemporary Egypt: Civil Society vs. the State

S.E. Ibrahim, C. Keyder, and Ayse Oncu eds., Developmentalism and Beyond: Society and Politics in Egypt and Turkey (American University in Cairo, 1994)

G. O'Donnell, P. Schmitter and L. Whitehead eds., Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Prospects for Democracy, chapter on Turkey by Ilkay Sunar and Sabri Sayari.

John Waterbury, The Egypt of Nasser and Sadat, part 4: "Politics without Participation," pp. 307-388.

I. Harik, "The Single Party as a Subordinate Movement, World Politics 26: 80-105.

John Higley and M.G. Burton, "The Elite Variable in Democratic Transitions and Breakdowns," Am Soc Rev 54:17-32 (Feb 1989)

Samuel P. Huntington, The Third Wave

Hugh Roberts, "The Algerian State and the Challenge of Democracy," Government and Opposition 27 (Autumn 1992)

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